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Jorjani Biomed J 2020, 8(1): 51-59 |
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Kaikhosravi F, Daryanoosh F, Koushkie Jahromi M, Nemati J. The Effect of High Intensity Interval Training with Genistein on Biomechanical Properties of Femur Bone in Elderly Female Rats. Jorjani Biomed J 2020; 8 (1) :51-59
URL: http://goums.ac.ir/jorjanijournal/article-1-713-en.html
URL: http://goums.ac.ir/jorjanijournal/article-1-713-en.html
1- Department of Sport Sciences, Shiraz University, Iran
2- Department of Sport Sciences, Shiraz University, Iran ,daryanoosh@shirazu.ac.ir
2- Department of Sport Sciences, Shiraz University, Iran ,
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Figure 2: Phosphorus levels in five groups of study
C: control, Sh: sham, HIIT: high intensity interval training, Ge: genistein
Figure 3: Fmax levels in five groups of study
***P≤0.001; *P≤0.05 Significant increase compare to C group
+ P≤0.05 Significant increase compare to HIIT group
C: control, Sh: sham, HIIT: high intensity interval training, Ge: genistein
Full-Text: (1864 Views)
Introduction
Elderly people have limited regenerative abilities and are more prone to disease, syndromes and boredom than other adults. With the increase of life expectancy and sedentary life style of people, various diseases have caused the quality of life of the elderly to decrease and they face physical problems. Therefore, regarding to increase in age, the prevention of menopausal complications is of particular importance. Menopause is associated with many early and late complications that lead to a decrease in women's quality of life. Among the problems of this period of the time are cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and mental problems (such as depression and anxiety), and therefore need a new range of health care (1). Decreased estrogen levels and physical activity are among the main causes of osteoporosis (2). Numerous therapies, such as hormone replacement therapy and physical activity programs, have been developed to prevent osteoporosis. Due to the fact that medicinal plants have fewer side effects than synthetic drugs, researchers are looking for herbal compounds for the treatment or prevention of diseases (3). Phytoestrogens are a group of plant- derived compounds whose structural similarity to estrogens has led to act like estrogens. In fact, their structural similarity to estrogens allows them to bind to estrogen receptors and have estrogenic effects on the body. Isoflavones are a group of flavonoid phytoestrogens and the most common of which is genistein (Ge), which is found in large amounts in soybeans (4). The therapeutic effects of Ge in enhancing bone tissue (5), increasing serum levels of progesterone and estradiol in the elderly rats (6), and improving osteoporosis (7) have been confirmed in several studies. On the other hand, it seems that the elderly people are usually faced with a decrease in the ability to perform daily activities, and the most important factor in increasing the quality of life in these people depends on the ability to perform daily activities. Therefore, exercises as a non-invasive and low-cost treatment method have been considered by health researchers (8). Regular and aerobic exercises can improve bone disorders by increasing joint metabolism, synovial fluid, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects (8). Numerous studies have shown that improvement in bone density, bone absorption, and bone resorption occurs after exercise (9). Studies have shown that the use of complementary methods to improve or prevent the progressive effects of bone disorders to improve the quality of life of the elderly has been considered, but their mechanism of action is not yet fully understood (9). Although it is not yet clear how intensities of exercises are effective in stimulating bone metabolism, nevertheless a review of studies shows that moderate to high intensity exercises, with short intervals in water or land can be used as part of preventive and treatment programs for bone disorders (10). High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has favorable effects due to its high intensity and low-intensity intervals, and is now used as a new exercise. HIIT has been reported to improve osteopontin and bone mineral markers in young women (11), as well as increase PTH and ALP levels in rats (12). Given that reduced mobility and immobility in the elderly people can lead to bone disorders in these people. Therefore, due to the occurrence of bone disorders in elderly women and the long course of treatment and economic costs of the problems that will follow for these people; using complementary therapies to achieve better results is a worthwhile solution. Therefore regarding to protective effects of HIIT and Ge and the absence of a study that has examined the interactive and simultaneous effects of HIIT and Ge on bone tissue in the elderly condition; present study aimed to investigate the effect of HIIT with Ge on biomechanical properties of femur bone in elderly female rats.
Materials and Methods
In this experimental study, 40 Sprague Dawley rats with mean age of 18- 24 months and mean weight of 220.15±15.28 g were purchased and kept in animal laboratory with humidity of 45 to 55%, dark-light cycle of 12-12 hours and temperature of 23 ± 2 ° C and free access to food and water. To adapt, rats were kept for one week under standard conditions and free access to food and water. Then rats randomly divided into five groups of eight rats including: 1) control (C), 2) sham (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + normal saline) (Sh), 3) HIIT, 4) HIIT + Ge, and 5) Ge. During eight weeks groups 3 and 4 performed HIIT for three sessions per week with an intensity of 90 to 95% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in high intensity intervals and 40 to 45% VO2max in low intensity intervals (13) and groups 4 and 5 received 60 mg/kg/kg Ge dissolved in DMSO + normal saline peritoneally (6). Forty- eight hours after the last training session and Ge administration rats were anesthetized (with 10 hours overnight fasting) with ketamine (50mg/kg) and xylazine (10mg/kg), and after blood sampling and extracting bone tissue as well as transferring them to laboratory; Ca and phosphorus were measured by o-Cresolphthalein and molybdate methods, respectively. Also Maximum bending strength (Fmax) measured by three- point bending test.
HIIT protocol
HIIT performed three sessions per week on rodent treadmill for eight weeks. The main trainings were as follow: based on the calculated aerobic power at the beginning of each week, the rats performed nine 2-minute high intensity intervals with intensity of 90- 95% VO2max along with 1-minute active recovery intervals with intensity of 50% VO2max. It should be noted that at the beginning and end of the training program, 4 minutes of warm-up and cooling down with an intensity of 45 to 55% VO2max was added to the time of the main trainings (13).
Ge administration
To prepare Ge, at first Ge (Sigma Aldrich; with economic code of CAS NO: 446-72-0 and BACH NO: 20150605) was dissolved in DMSO and then diluted using normal saline and 60 mg/kg/day was injected intra- peritoneally(6).
Aerobic power
To evaluate the aerobic power, at first the rats warmed up for five minutes on a treadmill at speed of six meters per minute with slope of zero degrees, then every three minutes, the speed increased by three meters per minute until the animals reached exhaustion and could no longer continue. The criterion for reaching VO2max was the inability of the rats to continue the training protocol and three consecutive collisions (within one minute) to the end of treadmill, so the VO2max was obtained by using the running speed (13).
Femur biomechanical testing
Maximum bending strength (Fmax) measured with three- point bending test (SANTAM device, Iran). To perform the test, the femur bone was placed on the support bases of device from both ends and the vertical force was applied to the longitudinal axis of the bone (by the system operator) in the anterior-posterior direction, in the middle of the bone. The operating speed of the system operator was 5 mm per minute and the pressure continued until the bone was broken. By plotting the force- change length curve, the maximum bending strength of the bone was calculated in Newton.
Ca and phosphorus measurement method
Blood samples were collected and clot within 15 minutes at room temperature, then centrifuged for six minutes at 1500 rpm. Ca and phosphorus were measured by o-Cresolphthalein and molybdate methods, respectively using Pars Azmoon kits (Pars Azmoon Co., Tehran, Iran). All kits were used according to the manufacturer's instructions. Biochemical tests were performed by a Biolis 24i Premium system (Tokyo, Japan).
Statistical analysis
Shapiro- Wilk test was used for investigation of normal distribution of data and one way
ANOVA with Tukey’s post- hoc test was used for analysis of data in Graph pad PRISM.8.3.0 software (P≤0.05). The researchers received introduction letters from Shiraz Medical University with code IR.SUMS.REC.1399.409.
Results
The Ca, phosphorus and Fmax levels in five groups of research are presented in figure 1-3 respectively. The results of one way ANOVA test showed that there were no significant differences in Ca (P=0.24) and phosphorus (P=0.95) levels between five study groups (Figure 1 and 2) nevertheless there was significant difference in Fmax levels between five study groups (P=0.001). The results of Tukey’s post- hoc test showed that there was no significant difference in Fmax levels between C and Sh groups (P=0.99) nevertheless Fmax levels in HIIT (P=0.02), Ge (P=0.001) and HIIT+Ge (P=0.001) groups were significantly higher than C group also in Ge (P=0.04) and HIIT+Ge (P=0.03) groups were significantly higher than HIIT group (Figure 3).
Elderly people have limited regenerative abilities and are more prone to disease, syndromes and boredom than other adults. With the increase of life expectancy and sedentary life style of people, various diseases have caused the quality of life of the elderly to decrease and they face physical problems. Therefore, regarding to increase in age, the prevention of menopausal complications is of particular importance. Menopause is associated with many early and late complications that lead to a decrease in women's quality of life. Among the problems of this period of the time are cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and mental problems (such as depression and anxiety), and therefore need a new range of health care (1). Decreased estrogen levels and physical activity are among the main causes of osteoporosis (2). Numerous therapies, such as hormone replacement therapy and physical activity programs, have been developed to prevent osteoporosis. Due to the fact that medicinal plants have fewer side effects than synthetic drugs, researchers are looking for herbal compounds for the treatment or prevention of diseases (3). Phytoestrogens are a group of plant- derived compounds whose structural similarity to estrogens has led to act like estrogens. In fact, their structural similarity to estrogens allows them to bind to estrogen receptors and have estrogenic effects on the body. Isoflavones are a group of flavonoid phytoestrogens and the most common of which is genistein (Ge), which is found in large amounts in soybeans (4). The therapeutic effects of Ge in enhancing bone tissue (5), increasing serum levels of progesterone and estradiol in the elderly rats (6), and improving osteoporosis (7) have been confirmed in several studies. On the other hand, it seems that the elderly people are usually faced with a decrease in the ability to perform daily activities, and the most important factor in increasing the quality of life in these people depends on the ability to perform daily activities. Therefore, exercises as a non-invasive and low-cost treatment method have been considered by health researchers (8). Regular and aerobic exercises can improve bone disorders by increasing joint metabolism, synovial fluid, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects (8). Numerous studies have shown that improvement in bone density, bone absorption, and bone resorption occurs after exercise (9). Studies have shown that the use of complementary methods to improve or prevent the progressive effects of bone disorders to improve the quality of life of the elderly has been considered, but their mechanism of action is not yet fully understood (9). Although it is not yet clear how intensities of exercises are effective in stimulating bone metabolism, nevertheless a review of studies shows that moderate to high intensity exercises, with short intervals in water or land can be used as part of preventive and treatment programs for bone disorders (10). High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has favorable effects due to its high intensity and low-intensity intervals, and is now used as a new exercise. HIIT has been reported to improve osteopontin and bone mineral markers in young women (11), as well as increase PTH and ALP levels in rats (12). Given that reduced mobility and immobility in the elderly people can lead to bone disorders in these people. Therefore, due to the occurrence of bone disorders in elderly women and the long course of treatment and economic costs of the problems that will follow for these people; using complementary therapies to achieve better results is a worthwhile solution. Therefore regarding to protective effects of HIIT and Ge and the absence of a study that has examined the interactive and simultaneous effects of HIIT and Ge on bone tissue in the elderly condition; present study aimed to investigate the effect of HIIT with Ge on biomechanical properties of femur bone in elderly female rats.
Materials and Methods
In this experimental study, 40 Sprague Dawley rats with mean age of 18- 24 months and mean weight of 220.15±15.28 g were purchased and kept in animal laboratory with humidity of 45 to 55%, dark-light cycle of 12-12 hours and temperature of 23 ± 2 ° C and free access to food and water. To adapt, rats were kept for one week under standard conditions and free access to food and water. Then rats randomly divided into five groups of eight rats including: 1) control (C), 2) sham (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + normal saline) (Sh), 3) HIIT, 4) HIIT + Ge, and 5) Ge. During eight weeks groups 3 and 4 performed HIIT for three sessions per week with an intensity of 90 to 95% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in high intensity intervals and 40 to 45% VO2max in low intensity intervals (13) and groups 4 and 5 received 60 mg/kg/kg Ge dissolved in DMSO + normal saline peritoneally (6). Forty- eight hours after the last training session and Ge administration rats were anesthetized (with 10 hours overnight fasting) with ketamine (50mg/kg) and xylazine (10mg/kg), and after blood sampling and extracting bone tissue as well as transferring them to laboratory; Ca and phosphorus were measured by o-Cresolphthalein and molybdate methods, respectively. Also Maximum bending strength (Fmax) measured by three- point bending test.
HIIT protocol
HIIT performed three sessions per week on rodent treadmill for eight weeks. The main trainings were as follow: based on the calculated aerobic power at the beginning of each week, the rats performed nine 2-minute high intensity intervals with intensity of 90- 95% VO2max along with 1-minute active recovery intervals with intensity of 50% VO2max. It should be noted that at the beginning and end of the training program, 4 minutes of warm-up and cooling down with an intensity of 45 to 55% VO2max was added to the time of the main trainings (13).
Ge administration
To prepare Ge, at first Ge (Sigma Aldrich; with economic code of CAS NO: 446-72-0 and BACH NO: 20150605) was dissolved in DMSO and then diluted using normal saline and 60 mg/kg/day was injected intra- peritoneally(6).
Aerobic power
To evaluate the aerobic power, at first the rats warmed up for five minutes on a treadmill at speed of six meters per minute with slope of zero degrees, then every three minutes, the speed increased by three meters per minute until the animals reached exhaustion and could no longer continue. The criterion for reaching VO2max was the inability of the rats to continue the training protocol and three consecutive collisions (within one minute) to the end of treadmill, so the VO2max was obtained by using the running speed (13).
Femur biomechanical testing
Maximum bending strength (Fmax) measured with three- point bending test (SANTAM device, Iran). To perform the test, the femur bone was placed on the support bases of device from both ends and the vertical force was applied to the longitudinal axis of the bone (by the system operator) in the anterior-posterior direction, in the middle of the bone. The operating speed of the system operator was 5 mm per minute and the pressure continued until the bone was broken. By plotting the force- change length curve, the maximum bending strength of the bone was calculated in Newton.
Ca and phosphorus measurement method
Blood samples were collected and clot within 15 minutes at room temperature, then centrifuged for six minutes at 1500 rpm. Ca and phosphorus were measured by o-Cresolphthalein and molybdate methods, respectively using Pars Azmoon kits (Pars Azmoon Co., Tehran, Iran). All kits were used according to the manufacturer's instructions. Biochemical tests were performed by a Biolis 24i Premium system (Tokyo, Japan).
Statistical analysis
Shapiro- Wilk test was used for investigation of normal distribution of data and one way
ANOVA with Tukey’s post- hoc test was used for analysis of data in Graph pad PRISM.8.3.0 software (P≤0.05). The researchers received introduction letters from Shiraz Medical University with code IR.SUMS.REC.1399.409.
Results
The Ca, phosphorus and Fmax levels in five groups of research are presented in figure 1-3 respectively. The results of one way ANOVA test showed that there were no significant differences in Ca (P=0.24) and phosphorus (P=0.95) levels between five study groups (Figure 1 and 2) nevertheless there was significant difference in Fmax levels between five study groups (P=0.001). The results of Tukey’s post- hoc test showed that there was no significant difference in Fmax levels between C and Sh groups (P=0.99) nevertheless Fmax levels in HIIT (P=0.02), Ge (P=0.001) and HIIT+Ge (P=0.001) groups were significantly higher than C group also in Ge (P=0.04) and HIIT+Ge (P=0.03) groups were significantly higher than HIIT group (Figure 3).
 |
Figure 1: Ca levels in five groups of study
C: control, Sh: sham, HIIT: high intensity interval training, Ge: genistein
C: control, Sh: sham, HIIT: high intensity interval training, Ge: genistein
 |
Figure 2: Phosphorus levels in five groups of study
C: control, Sh: sham, HIIT: high intensity interval training, Ge: genistein
Figure 3: Fmax levels in five groups of study
***P≤0.001; *P≤0.05 Significant increase compare to C group
+ P≤0.05 Significant increase compare to HIIT group
C: control, Sh: sham, HIIT: high intensity interval training, Ge: genistein
Discussion
The results of the present study showed that HIIT did not have a significant effect on serum Ca and phosphorus levels, but significantly increased bone strength in elderly rats. Researchers have shown that there is a significant relationship between bone metabolism as well as extracellular Ca and phosphate; because bone is made up of a hard tissue which increase in deposition of Ca salts increases its strength. Ca salts make up a significant percentage of the weight of bone. As bone tissue has the highest exchange of organic matter with extracellular fluid, an increase in extracellular Ca and phosphorus with the mechanism of osteoblast formation leads to an increase in hydroxyapatite (with the formula Ca10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2) uptake, also increase in compressive and tensile strength of the bone (14,15). Researchers believe that exercise can increase bone metabolism, strength and density via increasing testosterone production, the number of vitamin D receptors, and the modulation of calcitonin and parathyroid hormones (16); also, reabsorption of Ca in the intestines and increase in serum levels of vitamin D following exercise is one of the important adaptations to endurance training, which probably occurs with the mechanism of increasing the gene expression of Ca transporters in the kidneys and intestines (17), but changes in serum Ca, phosphorus and bone metabolic markers are depend on the duration of exercise. In this regard, two days of exercise significantly increased serum Ca, phosphorus and Ca/phosphorus ratio levels in elderly mice, while no significant change in these markers was reported after 3 and 8 weeks of exercise, nevertheless in line with the present study, bone density and strength significantly increased after long-term exercise in 16-month-old mice (16). Researchers have shown that exercise modulates the parathyroid hormone levels, but has no significant effect on Ca and phosphorus in young men (18); also, combined endurance and strength trainings increased bone strength by reducing parathyroid hormone levels, reducing inflammatory cytokines, and increasing osteocalcin (19).
The results showed that Ge consumption had no significant effect on Ca and phosphorus levels, nevertheless significantly increased bone strength in elderly rats. Researchers have shown that Ge can activate bone metabolic pathways due to its estrogen-like conditions (5). In addition, the Ge consumption increases bone density, minerals and strength by activation of osteoblasts, increasing the expression of estrogen receptors, increasing the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and its receptor at the level of bone cells as well as increasing the level of osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (sRANKL) (OPG/sRANKL) ratio (20). In this regard, 4.5 mg/kg and 18 mg/kg Ge consumption by modifying parathyroid hormone increased bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin as well as increased bone density and strength, so that 18 mg/kg Ge had a greater effects compared to 4.5 mg/kg nevertheless there were no differences in Ca and phosphorus levels in ovariectomized rats (5). In another study, 5 mg/kg Ge consumption for two months significantly increased mineral mass, strength, bone alkaline phosphatase and decreased carboxy-terminal collagen cross links in rats with glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (20). Also 54 mg/day Ge consumption significantly reduced sRANKL levels, increased OPG and OPG/sRANKL ratio in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (21) and 10 mg/kg Ge consumption for 6 weeks significantly increased mineral mass, strength, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, OPG and decreased RANKL (22). Differences in age and baseline levels of variables appear to be the reasons for differences in the results of reported studies. However, in a study 10 mg/kg Ge, 50 mg/kg Ge, 250mg/kg soybean and 500 mg/kg soybean enhanced the serum levels of Ca, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin in ovariectomized rats (23). The main reason for the difference in results, seems to be due to baseline levels of metabolic markers, so that Li et al., (22) in contrast with study of Hafez et al.,(23), did not use healthy control group (for investigate the effects of ovariectomy on the research variables).
The results also showed that HIIT simultaneously with Ge consumption did not have a significant effect on serum levels of Ca and phosphorus, but significantly increased bone strength in elderly rats. Also the results showed that bone strength in Ge group was significantly higher than HIIT group (130.2 vs 112.8) as well as in HIIT+Ge group was significantly higher than HIIT group (131.0 vs 112.8). Regarding to results of present study it appears that Ge administration has more favorable effect on increase of bone strength compared to HIIT. Combination of exercise and diet with a favorable amount of Ca and phosphorus can increase Ca, phosphorus, and bone turnover (16). Exercise and Ge consumption improve Ca, phosphorus and Ca/phosphorus ratio, and the number of vitamin D receptors as well as modulate the calcitonin and parathyroid hormones by increase estrogen levels and expression of estrogen receptors (16,24). Also Ge increases bone density and strength by activation of osteoblasts, increased expression of estrogen receptors, IGF-1 and its receptor (20). Regarding to interactive effects, in line with present study endurance training and Ge consumption improved bone density and strength in ovariectomized mice (24); endurance training along with 600 mg/kg Ge administration increased the mineral mass, bone density and strength in obese rats (25); also exercise along with 12 mg/kg Ge administration significantly increased bone density and strength in ovariectomized rats (26). Regarding to the effects of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in regulation of Ca and phosphorus metabolism; one of the limitations of the present study is the lack of measurement of these variables along with measure the stiffness, εFmax, and WRm. Therefore, it is suggested that in future studies, researchers measure these variables in addition to exercise and Ge consumption. Also its suggested that future studies evaluate bone geometry and histomorphometry parameters such as compact bone area, spongy bone area, trabecular separation area, number of osteocyte, femoral neck anterior-posterior diameter, and femoral neck length.
Conclusion
Although HIIT and Ge alone can enhance Fmax in femur of elderly female rats, nevertheless HIIT+Ge has more favorable effect on increase of Fmax compare to HIIT.
Acknowledgment
Considering the fact that the present study is a part of the doctoral dissertation approved by University of Shiraz, the authors of this article express their gratitude and appreciation for the spiritual support of the Research and Technology Department of this universi
The results of the present study showed that HIIT did not have a significant effect on serum Ca and phosphorus levels, but significantly increased bone strength in elderly rats. Researchers have shown that there is a significant relationship between bone metabolism as well as extracellular Ca and phosphate; because bone is made up of a hard tissue which increase in deposition of Ca salts increases its strength. Ca salts make up a significant percentage of the weight of bone. As bone tissue has the highest exchange of organic matter with extracellular fluid, an increase in extracellular Ca and phosphorus with the mechanism of osteoblast formation leads to an increase in hydroxyapatite (with the formula Ca10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2) uptake, also increase in compressive and tensile strength of the bone (14,15). Researchers believe that exercise can increase bone metabolism, strength and density via increasing testosterone production, the number of vitamin D receptors, and the modulation of calcitonin and parathyroid hormones (16); also, reabsorption of Ca in the intestines and increase in serum levels of vitamin D following exercise is one of the important adaptations to endurance training, which probably occurs with the mechanism of increasing the gene expression of Ca transporters in the kidneys and intestines (17), but changes in serum Ca, phosphorus and bone metabolic markers are depend on the duration of exercise. In this regard, two days of exercise significantly increased serum Ca, phosphorus and Ca/phosphorus ratio levels in elderly mice, while no significant change in these markers was reported after 3 and 8 weeks of exercise, nevertheless in line with the present study, bone density and strength significantly increased after long-term exercise in 16-month-old mice (16). Researchers have shown that exercise modulates the parathyroid hormone levels, but has no significant effect on Ca and phosphorus in young men (18); also, combined endurance and strength trainings increased bone strength by reducing parathyroid hormone levels, reducing inflammatory cytokines, and increasing osteocalcin (19).
The results showed that Ge consumption had no significant effect on Ca and phosphorus levels, nevertheless significantly increased bone strength in elderly rats. Researchers have shown that Ge can activate bone metabolic pathways due to its estrogen-like conditions (5). In addition, the Ge consumption increases bone density, minerals and strength by activation of osteoblasts, increasing the expression of estrogen receptors, increasing the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and its receptor at the level of bone cells as well as increasing the level of osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (sRANKL) (OPG/sRANKL) ratio (20). In this regard, 4.5 mg/kg and 18 mg/kg Ge consumption by modifying parathyroid hormone increased bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin as well as increased bone density and strength, so that 18 mg/kg Ge had a greater effects compared to 4.5 mg/kg nevertheless there were no differences in Ca and phosphorus levels in ovariectomized rats (5). In another study, 5 mg/kg Ge consumption for two months significantly increased mineral mass, strength, bone alkaline phosphatase and decreased carboxy-terminal collagen cross links in rats with glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (20). Also 54 mg/day Ge consumption significantly reduced sRANKL levels, increased OPG and OPG/sRANKL ratio in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (21) and 10 mg/kg Ge consumption for 6 weeks significantly increased mineral mass, strength, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, OPG and decreased RANKL (22). Differences in age and baseline levels of variables appear to be the reasons for differences in the results of reported studies. However, in a study 10 mg/kg Ge, 50 mg/kg Ge, 250mg/kg soybean and 500 mg/kg soybean enhanced the serum levels of Ca, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin in ovariectomized rats (23). The main reason for the difference in results, seems to be due to baseline levels of metabolic markers, so that Li et al., (22) in contrast with study of Hafez et al.,(23), did not use healthy control group (for investigate the effects of ovariectomy on the research variables).
The results also showed that HIIT simultaneously with Ge consumption did not have a significant effect on serum levels of Ca and phosphorus, but significantly increased bone strength in elderly rats. Also the results showed that bone strength in Ge group was significantly higher than HIIT group (130.2 vs 112.8) as well as in HIIT+Ge group was significantly higher than HIIT group (131.0 vs 112.8). Regarding to results of present study it appears that Ge administration has more favorable effect on increase of bone strength compared to HIIT. Combination of exercise and diet with a favorable amount of Ca and phosphorus can increase Ca, phosphorus, and bone turnover (16). Exercise and Ge consumption improve Ca, phosphorus and Ca/phosphorus ratio, and the number of vitamin D receptors as well as modulate the calcitonin and parathyroid hormones by increase estrogen levels and expression of estrogen receptors (16,24). Also Ge increases bone density and strength by activation of osteoblasts, increased expression of estrogen receptors, IGF-1 and its receptor (20). Regarding to interactive effects, in line with present study endurance training and Ge consumption improved bone density and strength in ovariectomized mice (24); endurance training along with 600 mg/kg Ge administration increased the mineral mass, bone density and strength in obese rats (25); also exercise along with 12 mg/kg Ge administration significantly increased bone density and strength in ovariectomized rats (26). Regarding to the effects of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in regulation of Ca and phosphorus metabolism; one of the limitations of the present study is the lack of measurement of these variables along with measure the stiffness, εFmax, and WRm. Therefore, it is suggested that in future studies, researchers measure these variables in addition to exercise and Ge consumption. Also its suggested that future studies evaluate bone geometry and histomorphometry parameters such as compact bone area, spongy bone area, trabecular separation area, number of osteocyte, femoral neck anterior-posterior diameter, and femoral neck length.
Conclusion
Although HIIT and Ge alone can enhance Fmax in femur of elderly female rats, nevertheless HIIT+Ge has more favorable effect on increase of Fmax compare to HIIT.
Acknowledgment
Considering the fact that the present study is a part of the doctoral dissertation approved by University of Shiraz, the authors of this article express their gratitude and appreciation for the spiritual support of the Research and Technology Department of this universi
Type of Article: Original article |
Subject:
Health
Received: 2020/01/22 | Accepted: 2020/03/1 | Published: 2020/03/1
Received: 2020/01/22 | Accepted: 2020/03/1 | Published: 2020/03/1
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